leonardo da vinci paintings net worth

The artwork alone garners thousands of visitors from around the world to the famous gallery it is placed in - the . Six million dollars, thank you. TINDERA: Right. The collector acquired it from Bouvier for $127m, who had in turn acquired it from Sothebys in a private sale in 2013 for about $50m less. But many experts think she did a drastic over-restoration. But even then, many Leonardo experts were dubious that the painting had more than a few brush strokes by him, and those doubts have ramped up ever since. Son of Daniel (conductor & cellist) and Eleanore Saidenberg who were Picasso's New York dealers from 1955 to 1973. Knowingly or not? Guinness World Records lists Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa as having the highest ever insurance value for a painting. So Gates buying Leonardo da Vinci's notebook is the equivalent of a typical 66-year-old splurging ona new iPad. The auction house would not reveal the identity of the buyer or even the region from which they came. But Christie's declined to comment, and a spokesperson for Gates never responded to our questions. And so I think it's, you know, not so much, Let's look at it and see what would happen if we took scissors to it and divided it up. But just to say, Here we have something of such significance, partly because it has survived 500 years without, you know, being destroyed.. CBS CLIP, CONNIE CHUNG: You know, you may be the richest man in America, or at least the second-richest man in America. He was also frequently consulted as a technical adviser in the fields of architecture, fortifications, and military matters, and he served as a hydraulic and mechanical engineer. We felt that offering this painting within the context of our postwar and contemporary evening sale is a testament to the enduring relevance of this picture.. That these tales can work in a podcast, where no one can even see the work being described, suggests how much the allure of today's art-crime stories is in the skulduggery and mystery, not aesthetics. Record private sales are believed to include $250m for a painting by Paul Czanne and $300m for a Paul Gauguin. An exceptional case is graffiti artist David Choe, who accepted payment in shares for painting graffiti art in the headquarters of a fledgling Facebook. Top 10 most expensive works of art sold at auction - in pictures, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, Moment Leonardo da Vinci's Salvator Mundi sells for record-breaking $400m - video, Salvator Mundi painting by Leonardo Da Vinci before and after restoration, Leonardo's Vitruvian Man can go to the Louvre, court rules, Leonardo and Raphael art swap marks end of France-Italy spat, Short of imagination: Germaine Greer scorns Leonardo da Vincis art, Leonardo da Vinci events marred by Italy and France row, Rare Leonardo da Vinci notebook to go on show at British Library, World's most expensive painting is authentic Leonardo, insists expert, Louvre Abu Dhabi postpones display of Leonardo's Salvator Mundi, Leonardo scholar challenges attribution of $450m painting, Leonardo's earliest surviving work? It's on the last telephone at $28 million. But we ended up contacting others who we thought might know the work well, too. He had an exceedingly inquisitive mind and made strenuous efforts to become erudite in languages, natural science, mathematics, philosophy, and history, among other subjects. [11][12] Prices realised for just his nine paintings listed below, when adjusted for inflation to 2017, add up to over US$900million. "As long as this painting is hidden from the world and the future and fate of this painting is unknown, it's going to be clouded in a realm of mystery and the world will be ready to read anything new. PETERSON-WITHORN: Two were da Vinci drawings of draperies. In contrast, there are currently only nine pre-1875 paintings among the listed top 89, and none created between 1635 and 1874. While Hammer was alive, we reported that Oxy shareholders sued three times asking to be reimbursed for what Hammer spent on art and the museum. Simon's connection to the painting is that back in 2005, he and a colleague actually sort of rediscovered the painting, which was in terrible condition. But when I saw it, it didn't sit comfortably with me as an autograph Leonardo." In 1993, Simon was hired by the trustees of the Armand Hammer Museum to do an appraisal of the Codex back when it was known as the Codex Hammer. A lost painting by Leonardo da Vinci may have been found in a Scottish farmhouse, reported The Daily Mail. This means the Codex is certainly one of the world's most valuable pieces of art. The painting, which dates to around 1500, was lost to history for more than 200 years, was damaged and badly restored, and was sold and resold as a minor work, probably by a Leonardo acolyte.. She was universally considered to be the painter's sitter. The Return to Italy - the Mona Lisa disappeared from the Louvre Museum in 1911. The two documentaries arrive at a time when films, podcasts and pop culture itself seem fascinated by art crimes, mysteries and forgeries. And how does that help us come up with a number for today? He also worked in the next-door workshop of artist Antonio Pollaiuolo. In cases like these, that's why we have to turn to the experts who know more about this than us. In the past year two documentaries, the engaging Made You Look and the pedestrian Driven to Abstraction, tackled the case of the Knoedler Gallery in New York, which for nearly two decades sold forgeries supposedly by 20th-Century masters including Mark Rothko and Jackson Pollock. Corrections? He applied his creativity to every realm in which graphic representation is used: he was a painter, sculptor, architect, and engineer. PETERSON-WITHORN: Yeah, and Gates loves books. We know quite a bit about Leonardo's life from a mini-biography by Giorgio Vasari, a Leonardo fanboy and the world's first art historian.Born a nobody, Leonardo was a charismatic and complicated man self confident and not, driven and not, distracted and not. Leonardo da Vinci: Last Supper. PETERSON-WITHORN: The person who ended up winning the auction was Armand Hammer, the 82-year-old multimillionaire chairman of oil and gas giant Occidental Petroleum. TINDERA: That's right. The bidding then resumed: $353m, $355m. [5], The list is incomplete with respect to sales between private parties, as these are not always reported and, even if they are, details like the purchase price may remain secret. TINDERA: Slicing up and selling off a beautiful manuscript or book is not without precedent, though, Robert explained to us. ARCHIVAL CLIP OF ARMAND HAMMER: I guess I'm wearing a great many hats. WINSTON: So once we've deduced that it's a first edition because it meets all of this criteria. Salvator Mundi, the long-lost Leonardo da Vinci painting of Jesus Christ commissioned by King Louis XII of France more than 500 years ago, has sold at Christies in New York for $450.3m, including auction house premium, shattering the world record for any work of art sold at auction. I expected to pay much more. And Lewis has a new eight-episode podcast, Art Bust: Scandalous Stories of the Art World, which promises stories of "the ugliest crimes, the biggest scandals and the murky in-between." Everyone agreed, like Robert Simon said, that were it to go up for auction today. In both films, Luke Syson, the curator of the show, stands by his decision. The earliest sale on the list below (Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers by Vincent van Gogh) is from March 1987; with a price of 24.75 million (74.1 million in 2021 currency). Qi Baishi "Twelve Landscape Screens" (1925): $148.7 million 7. Leonardo da Vinci was an artist and engineer who is best known for his paintings, notably the Mona Lisa (c. 150319) and the Last Supper (149598). Read about our approach to external linking. And so, you've got the painting itself is you know, much more of a rare object. Christies CEO, Guillaume Cerutti, said he did not know whether the buyer would reveal themselves. The Wikipedia template uses a yearly average inflation. The unique fame that Leonardo enjoyed in his lifetime and that, filtered by historical criticism, has remained undimmed to the present day rests largely on his unlimited desire for knowledge, which guided all his thinking and behaviour. Hi, Chase. St John the Baptist by Leonardo da Vinci. The London art dealer Philip Mould called the idea of including Salvator Mundi in a contemporary sale inspired. The Louvre and the National Gallery refused to comment for either film. [8] The actual purchase price was not disclosed, because of a confidentiality agreement attached to the private sale. At that time this was the 4th highest (unadjusted) price at auction and 10th highest price on this list. ", https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/art/art-sales-russian-buyers-inject-confidence-into-old-master-marke/, Picasso piece sets record for art sold at auction, qatar may have purchased Warhol's 'Eight Elvises', "Nahmads confirm Picasso's $115m flower girl will go to Paris", "Rockefeller Picasso sells for $115 million including feesauthor=Robert Frank", "DIC Sells 'Anna's Light' Painting For Y10.3bn Gain", "Regarding extraordinary profit associated with the sale of a certain painting owned by the company and revision of its consolidated operating result forecast", "How Basquiat Became the $60 Million Man", "A Basquiat Sells for 'Mind-Blowing' $110.5 Million at Auction", A Monet Sells for $110.7 Million, an Auction High for an Impressionist Work, "Qatar bought Ford House's $100-million Cezanne", "$100M for Czanne painting? He decided that the Codex's fair market value was $50 million. The winning bidder would later be revealed to be Saudi Arabia's Prince. The alleged vandalism attempt on Sunday left the painting's glass covered in cake frosting. 1 for US$44.4 million (equivalent to US$50.8million in 2021). Source: pinterest.com. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Not everyone is a fan. "A Botticelli Portrait Sells for $92 Million at Sotheby's Auction", "Christie's 'Secret Weapon' in Rockefeller's 'Sale of the Century' | Auctions News | THE VALUE | Art News", "Claude Monet (18401926), Nymphas en fleur", Greatest German Renaissance Madonna sold by prince, Vincent van Gogh (18531890) Laboureur dans un champ, U.K. Buys Titian Diana Painting for 50 Million Pounds, Titian deal paves way for next acquisition, "Mark Rothko: No. But just weeks before the auction happened, a devastating earthquake struck Italy and the government ended up skipping the sale. Kenneth Griffin acquired it in 2004 from Wynn. Hammer somehow convinced the courts he was increasing shareholder value. Alison Cole, editor of The Art Newspaper, has written extensively about the painting and saw it at the National Gallery. That he gave up both projects seems to indicate that he had deeper reasons for leaving Florence. Because at the end of the day, it's an entertaining story.". The buyer was anonymous, but the New York Times soon revealed him to be acting for bin Salman, a discovery that catapulted the painting into the geopolitical realm. PETERSON-WITHORN: And in fact, that fall he had just appeared atop our Forbes 400 ranking of the richest Americans, with an estimated net worth of $9.35 billion. Leonardo da Vincis total output in painting is really rather small; there are less than 20 surviving paintings that can be definitely attributed to him, and several of them are unfinished. Leonardo da Vinci, (Italian: Leonardo from Vinci) (born April 15, 1452, Anchiano, near Vinci, Republic of Florence [Italy]died May 2, 1519, Cloux [now Clos-Luc], France), Italian painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect, and engineer whose skill and intelligence, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. Before the auction opened, the 500-year-old Leonardo da Vinci painting was estimated to sell for $100 million. An attempt to psychoanalyze the buyer of Leonardo da Vinci's 'Salvator Mundi.' Tim Schneider , November 17, 2017 The scene at Christie's New York on November 15. Back in 1980 according to an Associated Press report, the man who was the Earl of Leicester at the time decided to sell the Codex, which had been part of the Earl's estate for more than 250 years. At the height of the auction, as many of six bidders were in play. What was Leonardo da Vincis family like? Leonardo is sometimes credited as the inventor of the tank, helicopter, parachute, and flying machine, among other vehicles and devices, but later scholarship has disputed such claims. I'm going to show it all over the world.. A list in another currency may be in a slightly different order due to exchange-rate fluctuations. According to the provenance in the auction catalogue, a few Italian artists own the Codex after da Vinci's death, including a painter named Giuseppe Ghezzi, who apparently sold it in 1717 to Thomas Coke, a man who eventually became England's Earl of Leicester. The image of Christ as The Saviour of the World was billed as The Last da Vinci at Christie's 2017 auction, where it sold for a record $450 million (342 million) to a proxy for bin Salman (yes, that bin Salman, whom the CIA found responsible for ordering the murder of the journalist Jamal Khashoggi). Using monthly averages gives slightly different numbers, most significantly for paintings sold early or late in a year with significant inflation. It then becomes a first edition of Moby Dick. On June 11, 2017, Ms. Gund revealed that she intended to use the proceeds from the sale of the painting for a specific purpose: to create a fund that supports criminal justice reform and seeks to reduce mass incarceration in the United States. In the days leading up the the sale, Christies produced a video of celebrities viewing the work, among them Leonardo DiCaprio and Patti Smith. Then I went to those other items that were of kind of the same rarity as works of the Renaissance that had been on the market. Antoine Vitkine's film Saviour for Sale is most notable for some explosive additions about what might have happened behind the scenes at the Louvre. So first, we looked to experts in the world of rare books and manuscripts to learn about the qualities that make a book valuable. (Maybe so, but in the films and other reproduced images it does have a more cloying look). Rybolovlevs spokesman, Brian Cattell, told the Wall Street Journal the family hoped the sale will finally bring to an end a very painful chapter. But he went even beyond that. It then disappeared again until it was bought at a small U.S. auction house in 2005. Salvator Mundi, the long-lost Leonardo da Vinci painting of Jesus Christ commissioned by King Louis XII of France more than 500 years ago, has sold at Christie's in New York for $450.3m . PETERSON-WITHORN: And in fact, that fall he had just appeared atop our Forbes 400 ranking of the richest Americans, with an estimated net worth of $9.35 billion. TINDERA: Gates is up against a group from a bank in Milan thats sitting in the front of the Christie's salesroom. In 1982, he appeared on our list with an estimated net worth of $150 million. 1503-1519). Christies sells long-lost Salvator Mundi, artwork billed as biggest discovery of the 21st century, for $400m plus auction house premium. And Lewis points out that as the art market has enlarged, our world view itself has changed. It's now been determined that his painting is not, in fact, a da Vinci. They bought it from an auction in Louisiana for just over $1,000. Yves Bouvier, a Swiss art dealer, bought the painting from the New York dealers for $83 million, reportedly on behalf of his client, a Russian oligarch named Dmitry Rybolovlev, though this is disputed by Mr Bouvier. TINDERA: That average of every expert opinion worked out to about $130 million. Amidst all these delightfully tangled histories, nothing rivals the Salvator Mundi. One of two pastel versions; another two painted versions (and lithography) exist, all created by Munch. A Leonardo, even one as dulled as this, could prove an amusing conversation piece. PETERSON-WITHORN: Exactly. I think it's the greatest acquisition I ever made. The sale generated a sustained 20 minutes of tense telephone bidding as the auctioneer Jussi Pylkknen juggled rival suitors before a packed crowd of excited onlookers in the salesroom. Thanks for having me. Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk Drawing by Leonardo da Vinci. Its the last painting by Leonardo, the greatest of all Renaissance artists, and it had an appeal to collectors from all parts of the world., Every major scholar of Leonardos work accepts the picture and has for the past decade, he said, addressing questions over the paintings authenticity and condition, adding: Its not in flawless condition, its 500 years old and absolutely has the presence and condition of a true Leonardo.. By 1508, Leonardo returned to Milan, working for the French rulers of the city. Two new documentaries delve into the ongoing saga of Leonardo da Vinci's Salvator Mundi in a moment when true art crime stories are at their peak, writes Caryn James. It's with you at $28 million. As a painter, Leonardo completed six works in the 17 years in Milan. But uncertainty is key to the appeal of every version of the story, as Lewis tells BBC Culture: "Nobody knows if it is a Leonardo, so you too can play the game, you can do your own Da Vinci Code on the Salvator Mundi. Quiz: Ancient Illustrations Showing Us the Way, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonardo-da-Vinci, Social Studies for Kids - Biography of Leonardo da Vinci, Humanities LibreTexts - Leonardo da Vinci, Art Encyclopedia - Biography of Leonardo Da Vinci, University of California Museum of Paleontology - Biography of Leonardo da Vinci, Web Gallery of Art - Biography of Leonardo da Vinci, Leonardo da Vinci - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Leonardo da Vinci - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Art and accomplishment: Leonardo as artist-scientist, Art and accomplishment: Painting and drawing. Life of Leonardo da Vinci, a Short Biography 1. TINDERA: Simon also included another work by da Vinci: a sheet of studies including sketches of a child embracing a lamb. So, you know, it's something I've sort of been following for, you know, a good part of my life. [note 1] Where necessary, the price is first converted to dollars using the exchange rate at the time the painting was sold. It would not draw more than the Salvator Mundi, which sold for $450 million. The 16th-century writer Giorgio Vasari indicated that Leonardo cared little for money but was very generous toward his friends and assistants. Last Supper, Italian Cenacolo, one of the most famous artworks in the world, painted by Leonardo da Vinci probably between 1495 and 1498 for the Dominican monastery Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan. Five hundred years later, the Codex is in such good condition, in part because it hasn't changed hands many times. Earlier this summer, very fittingly, as the country's oldest auction house, they sold a copy of the Declaration of Independence for $4.4 million. They arrive in the wake of Ben Lewis's high-profile 2019 book, The Last Leonardo, and dozens of articles. Portrait of Ginevra de' Benci by Leonardo da Vinci. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Cole was the first to report, in March 2020, the existence of a 46-page booklet the Louvre prepared for publication but never released, which asserts that the piece is an authentic Leonardo. The Burlington House Cartoon by Leonardo da Vinci. But we need a lot more information than that before we make our estimate. TINDERA: I'm Michela Tindera, and this is Priceless. After his death, Hammer's estate became tied up in a series of new lawsuits that began with the niece of Hammer's late wife suing for a piece of his art collection and other assets. This stands as the most expensive painting by a living artist. His was the last name on the 1988 provenance list; painting came from "a private collection in Arizona". Because the Louvre cannot comment on privately-owned works it has not displayed, the book can't be published, and at first, Cole says, the museum denied its existence. Also of note is the decorative ceiling painting (1498) he made for the Sala delle Asse in the Milan Castello Sforzesco. Additional audio credits: AP, CBS, GatesNotes-The Blog of Bill Gates. The abrupt $20m and $30m jumps in price were indeed unusual, Cerutti confirmed. The documentary covers much of the same ground as The Lost Leonardo, but less stylishly, with too many stock establishing shots of cities. There are a great many superb extant pen and pencil drawings from this period, including many technical sketchesfor example, pumps, military weapons, mechanical apparatusthat offer evidence of Leonardos interest in and knowledge of technical matters even at the outset of his career. And it was a challenge. The Virgin and Child with St Anne was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1510. TINDERA: Simon shared with us his own process for how he estimated the fair market value in the appraisal he put together nearly 30 years ago. Madonna and Child with the Infant Saint John the Baptist by Leonardo da Vinci. Renaissance artist, inventor, polymath, musician, and architect who painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper and drew the iconic Vitruvian Man. Joining me for this is Chase Peterson-Withorn, an editor on the Forbes wealth team. If one drawing sold for $12 million, that would mean that he could sell off this whole book clipped to pieces and earn something like $4 billion. He used his superb intellect, unusual powers of observation, and mastery of the art of drawing to study nature itself, a line of inquiry that allowed his dual pursuits of art and science to flourish. [4] In constant dollars, the highest price paid before 1987 was by the National Gallery of Art when in February 1967 they acquired Leonardo da Vinci's Ginevra de' Benci for around $5 million ($41million in 2021 dollars) from the Princely Family of Liechtenstein. Previewing the lot last month, Christies described the painting of Christ holding a crystal orb in his left hand and raising his right in benediction as the biggest discovery of the 21st century. Taking inflation into account, the 1962 value would be around US$900 million in 2021.[3]. Veiled in layers of mystery and international intrigue, the story of the Salvator Mundi is an ongoing, endlessly fascinating saga, told in two new documentaries, The Lost Leonardo and Saviour for Sale: Da Vinci's Lost Masterpiece?, which play out with all the drama and suspense of a detective story. This is a list of the highest known prices paid for paintings. Months earlier, he had appeared on the cover of Forbes, and he was a member of our very first Forbes 400 ranking. The first is da Vinci's "The Last Supper," painted during his time in Milan, from about 1495 to 1498. The Lost Leonardo is now playing in the US and opens in the UK on 10 September. Within two days he sold it to Rybolovlev for $127.5 million. At $28 million it's away from the room now and on the telephone at $28 million. They brought it to Dianne Modestini, a highly respected restorer, who removed decades of grime and overpainting, and was the first to suspect it might be a true Leonardo. He also considered a painting done by Renaissance artist Pontormo, which was purchased by the Jay Paul Getty Museum for $35.2 million at Christie's in 1989. The Christie's sale itself was a highly staged drama, beginning with a marketing video that showed not the painting but the faces of observers most are ordinary people but one of them is Leonardo DiCaprio looking reverently at the image as if they were seeing Christ himself. Nineteen million on the telephone. Twenty-eight million. But it does have two anonymous sources, their faces hidden on camera, identified as high-ranking French government officials who had access to the Louvre's studies of the painting and to the French-Saudi negotiations. Please select which sections you would like to print: Director, Central Institute for the History of Art, Munich, 194770. [6] Another example is a 2019 sale of The Seated Zouave by Vincent van Gogh. Re-sold for 12m to Stavros Niarchos in 1993. Various vandals have tried to harm da Vinci's famed masterpiece, and 1956 was a particularly bad year. The saleroom erupted in cheers and applause. There are Leonardo's drawings of the head and bust of Leda; a famous drawing was done in 1506 by Raphael; a red chalk drawing which may have been done by an assistant to Leonardo; a picture by Bugiardini which was based upon Leonardo's original cartoon (done in 1504); another copy probably by Francesco Melzi and based on Leonardo's second cartoon His drawing of the Vitruvian Man (c. 1490) has also become a cultural icon. As late as the press preview of the show, there was an empty space on the wall waiting for the Salvator Mundi, but it never arrived. When asked whether Salvator Mundis involvement in the Rybolovlev-Bouvier case might overshadow its sale, Christies postwar and contemporary chairman, Loc Gouzer, who secured the work with a $100m guarantee, said: We cannot comment about sellers, but it has every passport, every visa.. a 2011 exhibition at the National Gallery in London, Art Bust: Scandalous Stories of the Art World, Kim Kardashian was photographed next to it. Is it even a Leonardo at all? Leonardo grew up on his fathers familys estate, where he was treated as a legitimate son and received the usual elementary education of the day: reading, writing, and arithmetic. But no one thought it was still worth the $30.8 million Gates paid for it. TINDERA: But admittedly, Darren told us that he wasn't a da Vinci, or Codex expert and was hesitant to put a value on it out of the gate. So it doesn't really look like a notebook anymore. A New York Times story on the sale remarked that it was the highest price ever paid at auction for a manuscript. ", Auction Records Fall at Phillipss Sale of Contemporary Masters, "Fernand Lger (18811955), Contraste de formes", "Warmer Response at Sotheby's 2nd Night of Auctions", "Hong Kong Billionaire Lau Sets Two Records in 24 Hours", Led by $66M Van Gogh, Sotheby's Impressionist and Modern Sale Robustly Kicks Off Season, "Willem de Kooning (19041997), Untitled XXV", "Wang Meng painting auction for $62 million", "A Petite $69 Million Picasso Leads Sotheby's Solid $189 Million Impressionist Sale in London", "Property from a Distinguished Private Collection Pablo Picasso Femme Au Bret Et La Robe Quadrille (Marie-Thrse Walter)", Getty breaks record with $65.1-million purchase of Manet's 'Spring', As Stocks Fall, Art Surges at a $315.8 Million Sale, Claude Monet's "Le Bassin aux nymphas" auction results, A Zao Wou-Ki painting sold for $65 million, breaking records for a work by an Asian artist, Zao Wou-Ki's "Juin-Octobre 1985" auction results, The Most Expensive Paintings ever sold list by theartwolf, Oeuvres d'art les plus dispendieuses au monde, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_expensive_paintings&oldid=1140779647, Private Collection, New York, United States, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:17. And then amid all of this, he buys this one-of-a-kind Leonardo da Vinci manuscript at a Christie's auction for $28 million. Leonardo da Vincis parents were unmarried at the time of his birth near a small village named Vinci in Tuscany. And if Gates himself had the Codex appraised since he bought it. And one of the other, one of the principles and differences between, say an auction estimate and an appraisaland this is for what we call fair market value appraisalis that we come up with a single value, understanding that it's very rare that we kind of hit the bull's eye, but that is the opinion of the appraiser. Leonardo da Vinci, (Italian: "Leonardo from Vinci") (born April 15, 1452, Anchiano, near Vinci, Republic of Florence [Italy]died May 2, 1519, Cloux [now Clos-Luc], France), Italian painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect, and engineer whose skill and intelligence, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist See a gallery of the world's most expensive paintings, Leonardo da Vincis Salvator Mundi sold for $400 million at Christies ($450.3m, including auction house premium), One of four versions of The Scream created by Munch and the only one that is privately owned.

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