elizabethan attitudes towards different cultures

So, if Islamic characters are converting to Christianity or Black pagan characters are converting to Christianity, they might also be turning white, sometimes literally, in these romances, but other times just symbolically. The Chinese also present the world with unique architectural, political, and religious systems . Render date: 2023-03-04T23:25:34.993Z (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. So you dont have a whole kind of. DADABHOY: I dont think so. Weve been engaged here at the Folger in a series of Critical Race Conversations. The attitudes and values that Shakespeare reveals through the text are those sameattitudes and values of Elizabethan society in England in the sixteenth . Behold the four elements, whereof the body of man is compact, how they set in their places, called spheres, higher or lower, according to the sovereign of their natures: that is to say, the fire as the most pure element, having in it nothing that is corruptible, in his place is highest and above other element. Garland Scott is the associate producer. The females of all animals are less violent in their passions than the males, except the female bear and pardalis [panther], for the female of these appears more courageous than the male. So, is that the origins of racial thinking? The period with which we are concerned here - let us say the sixteenth and . Regarding differences, these were found in the prevalence of . Though marriage was an unequal partnership, it was less unequal than we might imagine. Many ideas surrounding the change and evolved over the centuries, ideas such as the views towards education and the impact of the industrial revolution on westerns societies views towards childhood, due to the limited space, this essay will focus on two underlying issues . . And our testaments for goods moveable be not subject to the ceremonies of the civil law, but made with all liberty and freedom. Of lands as ye have understood before, there is difference: for when the owner dieth, his land descendeth only to his eldest son, all the rest both sons and daughters have nothing by the common law, but must serve their eldest brother if they will, or make what other shift they can to live: except that the father in life time do make some conveyance and estates of part of his land to their use, or else by devise, which word amongst our lawyers doth betoken a testament written, sealed, and delivered in the life time of the testator before witness: for without those ceremonies a bequest of lands is not available. 2. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Not just early modern scholarship but really kind of the scholarship on race done by Black feminist scholars or even post-colonial scholars. Shakespeare's works Read and learn more about Shakespeare's plays and poems; Shakespeare in print The First Folio (the book that gave us Shakespeare) and what came after; Shakespeare in performance From playhouse to film sets, explore four centuries of staging . @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ; 11 Strikingly enough, the study of popular Shakespeare in live performances has been relatively unexplored. Marriage: Early marriage was more common among the nobility and gentry than further down the social scale. BOGAEV: Ah. John Knox, "The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women," 1558: Nature, I say, doth paint them forth to be weak, frail, impatient, feeble, and foolish, and experience hath declared them to be unconstant, variable, cruel, and lacking the spirit of counsel and regiment. Were people saying like, Oh, if youre interested in this race stuff, youre in this niche?. The Elizabethan era in the 16th century was one of adventure, intrigue, personalities, plots and power struggles. So may the king deal With his subjects. DADABHOY: English people are already trainedand we have scholars like Anthony Barthelemy has talked about this in his book Black Face, Maligned Race, where the image of blackness, as associated with sin, with the devil, all of these things, makes it quite easy to map onto then Black people these kinds of characteristics. BOGAEV: Yeah. Abstract. Othello's tragedy transcends race and is based on a natural human weakness. It showed a change in attitude towards the poor by the Elizabethans as it made sure that financial help was collected. There be three principal similitudes that illustrates the state of monarchy. Our April festival celebrating 400 years of Shakespeare's First Folio, Our award-winning performances of Shakespeare, adaptations, and new works, Our early music ensemble Folger Consort and more, Our longstanding O.B. BOGAEV: Its complicated. ), Find out more about saving to your Kindle, Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521064309.005. I think there has been a resistance to thinking about how enslavement has been the engine for all of the glories of the European Renaissance and the sort of discoveries of the early modern period, and what then resulted in the kind of ascendency of Europe over the rest of the world. Iago's diabolical inference poisons Othello's mind, with tragic consequences. The vestiges of these dispositions exist, as we may say, in all, but are more conspicuous in those which have the strongest moral habits, and most of all in mankind; for the nature of the human subject is the most complete, so that these habits appear more conspicuous in mankind than ir other animals. China and England possess different cultural values, with China characterized by collectivism and strong social norms, and England by individualism. DADABHOY: Yes. A lot of romances take place in the Holy Land. In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the divine power. I mean, he could have been drawn and quartered or any of the other nasty, nasty things. But I think a lot about this play also because I work in the context of the Mediterranean and the context of the Ottoman Empire. Including in the world of Shakespeare studies. And to the king is due both the affection of the soul and the service of the body of his subjects. As for the father of a family, they had of old under the law of nature patriam potestatem [ancestral power], which was potestatem vitae et necis [power of life and death] over their children or family. So the Battle of Alcazar is this famous battle of Alccer Quibir, which is famous in Europe becauseand its called the Battle of Three Kingsbecause three kings end up dying in this battle. From the Shakespeare Unlimited podcast. What I learned from reading your work is that Shakespeare was hardly the only playwright to write about non-English characters. ELIZABETHAN ATTITUDES: AN ANTHOLOGY. Generations of Christians throughout the whole world have been consumed . 2021 May;56(3):609-619. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12617. And lastly, as for the head of the natural body, the head has the power of directing all the members of the body to that use which the judgment in th head thinks most convenient. If we think about the process of enslavement in the Mediterranean and we think about Mediterranean empires, enslavement had been going on for thousands of years. BOGAEV: Oh, I see. Kings are justly called gods for that they exercise a manner or resemblance of divine power upon earth. While we are talking about the slave trade, when did the slave trade start and who was involved in it? Attitudes are often the result of experience or upbringing. We dont know what we dont know, and we dont know what we havent experienced, and how that dialogue is really important because we might be overlooking something simply because we didnt even know to ask that question. While some travel narratives from the Elizabethan period comment positively on black Africans, there are many that do not. The King of Portugal, Sebastian, and two Moroccan kings end up dying. Culture is related to the development of our attitude. Then Cyprus represents being in that border region where one can potentially go native in a certain context. I would say that it has a lot to do with skin color. BOGAEV: But interesting that its being skinned. You write that in his day at least 50 plays featured characters that were marked as racially or religiously different from their English audiences. Older adults perceptions of children's attitudes toward them were more negative 3,000 new books annually, covering a wide range of subjects including biomedicine and the life sciences, clinical medicine, Your parents and friends are better equipped than you are to look out for your best interests, being mature and experienced in the world. Culture is everything that describes a particular group of people.The group can be; a family, a religious group, or people from a different town, neighbourhood, country, or city.It can also be people who share a similar ethnic background, life dynamics, or work culture. The good, so-called white Moor, who in the play is not really described as a white Moor but thats how critics have read him. We had technical help from Andrew Feliciano at Voice Trax West in Studio City, California. We see here already Othello as kind of being hypersexualized and also criminalized in a way through the elopement. In choosing to marry, women sacrificed any legal or constitutional rights as citizens. . Then concern they but a few. For example, questions such as the following might sound natural to you: And it were an idle head that would in place of physic so poison or phlebotomize [bleed] the body as might breed a dangerous distemper or destruction thereof. The sun, moon, stars, rainbow, thunder, lightning, clouds, and all birds of the air, do keep their order. If youre a fan of Shakespeare Unlimited, please leave us a positive review on Apple Podcasts. For if you will consider the attributes to God, you shall see how they agree in the person of a king. One is the pretender to the throne and one is the legitimate king. Now a father may dispose of his inheritance to his children at his pleasure: yea, even disinherit the eldest upon just occasions, and prefer the youngest, according to his liking; make them beggars or rich at his pleasure; restrain, or banish out of his presence, as he finds them give cause of offence, or restore them in favor again with the penitent sinner. BARBARA BOGAEV: Id like to start with talking about what the Black presence was in London in Shakespeares time. So, how is it deployed and what does it connote, and what light does it shed on the topic were talking about today? This immediately implies Desdemona is her father's physical possession, much the same as Brabantio . 467 participants from seven different countries filled in the negative attitude towards robots scale . Only a few, and recent, studies demonstrate the existence of different cultural atti-tudes towards money in a single national context (Medina, DADABHOY: It really does. And how Shakespeares audiences would have come in contact with darker skinned people and what their impressions might have been? BOGAEV: So you know, knowing this, seeing this, writing about this, how does it change how you teach your students? But somehow scholars look at this play and argue that race and racism as we understand it are present in it because the term Moor is so inexact and ambiguous. As early as 1585, Philip had begun to prepare a great fleet that, under the command of Santa Cruz, would invade England. Blackness working in concert with villainy, untrustworthiness, fit for servitude, But also a warning, right? The importance of culture lies in its close association with the ways of thinking and living. A revolution in reading (and to a lesser extent writing) was taking place. Away from the luxury of the monarchy in the Elizabethan era, life for ordinary people was often hard and the number of poor people increased during Elizabeth's . Her chapter in the Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Race is called Barbarian Moors: Documenting Racial Formation in Early Modern England. The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Race was published by Cambridge University Press in 2021. Due to the research of scholars like Imtiaz Habib, whose Black Lives in the English Archives traces who these people were, where they lived, and really done a lot of that through court records and trying to figure out how early modern naming practices would have let us find out who might have been a Black person. In fact, even the Medieval Church had reminded . ; ; It is not something that is fixed. would have been the same (or perhaps much more intense given their lack of understanding of . Yeah. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-jxww4 "The Deceit of Women, Instruction and Example of all Men, Young and Old, Newly Corrected," 1560: Begins with a pictorial warning to husbands in a woodcut on the title-page presenting a woman astride her spouse, flogging him as he goes on all fours. In part, however, the Elizabethan Age was a success because men had at their disposal new and exciting areas, both of mind and geography, into which to channel their energies. The consequences of these cultural attitudes are discussed in terms of effects on animal species and on human-animal relationships. This lesson seeks to sensitize students to the complex nature of revenge as it is portrayed in Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark.Students learn how Shakespeare's play interprets Elizabethan attitudes toward revenge, as reflected in the structure of the Elizabethan revenge tragedy, one of the most popular forms of drama of that era. That there is a difference between the visage in her mind versus the visage that is presented to the world. Elizabethan Englishmen associated blackness with evil, death, and danger. There could be no mistaking who she was. The example, influence, and reality of Jesus have provided a touch point for all Christian traditions. How knoweth he by the virtue of his understanding the inward and secret motions of beasts? At first the aim of the Spanish Armada was to liberate the captive Queen of Scots, but when Mary was executed for conspiring Elizabeth's death in 1587, Philip planned to invade England in the name of his daughter, the Infanta . Marriage: Early marriage was more common among the nobility and gentry than further down the social scale. In the Renaissance period England, like the rest of Europe, acquired modern-style maps; trade-contacts with Turkey and Russia became a commonplace feature of economic life; visitations of Red Indians, Eskimos, and Negroes, an influx of refugees from Europe, plantations in the New World, and knowledge of other European ventures of a similar kind - all this might seem to give the average Englishman of the early seventeenth century almost as much expertise in physical geography as is possessed by his modern counterpart. . Finally, the deaths associated with each plot and the attitudes toward death, especially suicide, provide students with different cultural orientations to life and its value in relation to honor and loyalty. I mean, I think that its the practices of how we read, how we think; that theyre all kind of regulated by the modes of whiteness. I think for me it was really interesting to follow the use and mobilization of that word in the play. This was a period in which Englishmen had to face the fact that there were strange people in other parts of the world. But that still doesnt address the fact of Othellos Blackness. They are able to empathize with people from different cultures. I really love talking with you about this. a completely different context: Shakespeare demonstrated an intimate knowledge of female psychology and fully w1derstood the challenges involved in being a woman. . I mean, does negro becomes the freighted word or a slur or a conflation of color into race? Find out more about saving content to Dropbox. I mean, it just requires really teaching this whole period differently, it seems. In fact, even the Medieval Church had reminded parents of their duty to consider their children's inclinations in marriage arrangements. Thomas Bentley, "The Monument of Matronness," 1572: Primarily a devotional treatise, it sets forth proof of woman's nobility and greatness. That part of how the discourse accrues its powerbecause that power is always historically contingentis in its malleability. We are working through this pandemic helping people in need with delivery. WITMORE: Dr. Ambereen Dadabhoy is an assistant professor of literature at Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, California. Aflame with jealousy, Othello snarls at his innocent wife: "I took you for that cunning whore of Venice/That married with Othello" (4.2.91-92). It is true that acceptance, marvel, wonder, anxiety and fear as well as disgust all accompanied English attitudes towards different racial, ethnic and religious identities. During this era, social advancement for women was almost impossible. So, we see that genre, it was quite popular in the Middle Ages. of your Kindle email address below. Women who didn't marry were considered witches by their neighbors, and for lower class women, the only alternative was a life of servitude to wealthier families. Home to the worlds largest Shakespeare collection, the Folger is dedicated to advancing knowledge and the arts. The people of England believed themselves to be far superior and treated others with indignity and pity. Overview of the Elizabethan Fairy. Transcript. However, comparing The Tempest to European colonialist attitudes in the Elizabethan era provokes a 21st century audience to re . Behold also the order that God hath put generally in all his creatures, beginning at the most inferior or base, and ascending upward. See we not plainly that obedience of creatures unto the law of nature is the stay of the whole world? And were going to talk about that in a moment, but I should get back to what we were talking about, which is: in Shakespeares time, by the late 1500s or early 1600s, does this history mean that English people already associate dark skin with enslavement and servitude? The English-izing of all these names is really confusing, yeah. The convents had been closed. BOGAEV: So is it a kind of deliberate colorblind notion? And then also, Black. You say its the, white way of knowing.. Speaking to colonialism and power and geopolitics in the play, Venice and Cyprus are very important to the action. Well, now we do have a fuller picture of the context for Othello. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. Previous: Paul Edmondson onAll the Sonnets of Shakespeare| Next: Geoffrey Marsh on Shakespeares Neighbors. BOGAEV: Generation after generation of enslavement, yeah. So, Shakespearean audiences, then, already had exposure to, or thoughts along, these lines, and theyre getting it from different aspects of culture. Really, for me, one of the things that is interesting to think about with this character is that he also represents like, this is a character that owes a lot to the kinds of issues that we see come up in George Peeles The Battle of Alcazar. We had technical help from Andrew Feliciano at Voice Trax West in Studio City, California. MICHAEL WITMORE: How far should we look back to find the attitudes that bolster white supremacy? "The fabric of English society was woven so tightly that it seemed to exclude . 3.2. So I think for me the play kind of presents the illusion of what a tolerant society might be, but its really about the danger of letting others into the familiar and intimate spaces of your society. One of those thinkers is Ambereen Dadabhoy, an assistant professor of literature at Harvey Mudd, the liberal arts, engineering, science, and mathematics college in Claremont, California. only that they were different. BOGAEV: Right. attitudes toward them were examined using the Attitude Perception Questionnaire. hasContentIssue true, https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521064309.005, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. A culture is passed on to the next generation by learning, whereas genetics are passed on by heredity.Culture is seen in people's writing, religion, music, clothes, cooking and in what they do.. emotional. His privy council be chosen also at the Prince's pleasure out of the nobility or barony, and of the knights and esquires, such and so many as he shall think good, who doth consult daily, or when need is of the weighty matters of the realm, to give therein to their Prince the best advice they can. King James I, A speech to the Lords and Commons of the Parliament at Whitehall, Mach 21, 1610: The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth. Negro has specific meaning that is tied to being made fit for a certain kind of dominance by European and white powers. Understanding different cultures is more than having an appreciation for our differences, but paving the way for a new world where we all stand together. By 1640 a majority of men, and just possibly a majority of men and women, could read, and there . Sir Thomas Smith, De Republic Anglorum: The Manner of Government or Policy of the Realm of England, 1583: The Prince whom I now call (as I have often before) the Monarch of England, King or Queen, hath absolutely in his power the authority of war and peace, to defy what Prince it shall please him, and to bid him war, and again to reconcile himself and enter into league or truce with him at his pleasure or the advice only of his privy council. Elizabeth's reign was seen as a 'golden age' of culture, with theatre becoming popular across all of society, and it's also when . The Prince doth participate to them all, or so many of them as he shall think good, such legations anal messages as come from foreign Princes, such letters or occurrents [news] as be sent to himself or to his secretaries, and keepeth so many ambassades [messages] and letters sent unto him secret as he will, although these have particular oath of a councillor touching faith and secrets administered unto them when they be first admitted into that company. BOGAEV: Oh, thats fascinating. For Elizabethan era women of noble birth, education included knowledge of several languages, including Latin, Greek, Italian, and French. Shakespeare first explores Elizabethan attitudes towards women when Desdemona is first mentioned in scene one. DADABHOY: Luckily, it wasnt my advisor. If youre not conversant with that work, then youre not going to understand that the things that youre identifying as not race are actually deeply connected to race. Is that how you see it? The idle poor and the deserving poor. DADABHOY: It was directed at the Black population, who are identified as having come from Spain. Thats proof that race, as we know it, people werent thinking that way back in that time. Yes, exactly. Results were analyzed for 52 fifth- and sixth-grade children and 52 older adults, and comparisons made on the basis of age, sex and amount of intergenerational contact. Thanks for listening. As you can imaginelike pretty much anything involving the subject of racethats a controversial question. The Chinese culture is among the oldest cultures around the world, hence its rich history and traditions. Venice was one of the richest cities in the world. According to the behaviorist definition of . Cognitive, behavioural and. Explicit attitudes towards emotional expression of Chinese were stronger than that of European Americans, p < .001, d = 0.86, 95%CI[0.93, 0.37].Compared to European Americans, Chinese believed emotional expression was a less positive regulatory strategy. "In Elizabethan England one's clothing provided an observer with instant knowledge of one's social status." (Sonia) People were very judgmental of . Jane Anger, "Jane Anger her Protection for Women," 1589: Responds to attacks on women through an old-fashioned recital of man's iniquity and woman's virtues. Differences in attitudes towards disclosure. BOGAEV: Right. Take away kings, princes, rulers, magistrates, judges and such estates of God's order, no man shall ride or go by the highway unrobbed, no man shall sleap in his own house or bed unkilled, no man shall keep his wife, children, and possessions in quietness, all things shall be common; and there must needs follow all mlschief and utter destruction both of souls, bodies, goods, and commonwealth. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. Sometimes . And Cyprus is quite close to, sort of, the center of power of the Ottoman Empire, thinking about Istanbul. But, you know, and heres the benefit of studying scholars of race like Stuart Hall, for example, who very clearly tells us that race is a discourse, and it is a shifting discourse. I think there was also travel writing, and was there a romance genre that had Black-skinned characters? The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Race:Racist Humor and Shakespearean ComedyRead an excerpt from Dr. Patricia Akhimies chapter inThe Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Race. In some of those you have a, kind of, fixation on color, where some of them are also conversion narratives. They have power to exalt low things and abase high things, and make of their subjects like men at the chess: a pawn to take a bishop or a knight, and to cry up or down any of their subjects, as they do their money. BOGAEV: So, institutionalized? And lastly, kings are compared to the head of this microcosm of the body of man. And a question that comes up a lot is this: When did the concept of race begin to appear? To investigate how attitudes towards plagiarism develop in young children, researchers investigated whether attitudes about copying others varied across American, Mexican and Chinese . The significance of John Cabot's crossing of 1497 was that he was the first to discover the mainland of America, while Columbus and the Spaniards were still occupied with the West Indies. This was partly due to their lack of understanding and knowledge of other cultures. Then after this battle, we have a new king, who is al-Mansur. Hath not he set degrees and estates in all his glorious works? Venice was a very important trading center. DADABHOY: In a lot of traditional scholarship on the play, Venice has very much represented the site of European order and a European city that is besieged by a dangerous enemy that we never see, but that we hear about a lot, especially in Act I. Richard Hooker, Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, 1594: Now if nature should intermit her course and leave altogether, though it were but for a while, the observation of her own laws; if those principal and mother elements of the world, whereof all things in this lower world are made, should lose the qualities which now they have; if the frame of that heavenly arch erected over our heads should loosen and dissolve itself; if celestial spheres should forget their wonted motions, and by irregular volubility turn themselves any way as it might happen; if the prince of lights of heaven, which now as a giant death run his unwearied course, should as it were through a languishing faintness begin to stand and to rest himself; if the moon should wander from her beaten way, the times and seasons of the year blend themselves by disordered and confused mixture, the winds breathe out their last gasp, the clouds yield no rain, the earth be defeated of heavenly influence, the fruits of the earth pine away as children at the withered breasts of their mother no longer able to yield them relief: what would become of man himself, whom these things now do all serve? The earth, which is of substance gross and ponderous, is set of all elements most lowest. Marriage is another important domain to examine in the study of Renaissance conceptions of gender roles. Gives a prose account of intriguing females such as Eve, Jezebel, etc. I mean, that has, I think, troubled this play so much in terms of where does the Moor fit into this discourse about empire? DADABHOY: But al-Mansur ends up being the king who is the one who negotiates with Elizabeth I. Its his ambassador who we have the famous portrait of, and who Shakespeare might have seen, because they were part of certain royal pageants. DADABHOY: Sure. And, I mean, its complicated. Cultural difference in attitudes towards stuttering among British, Arab and Chinese students: Considering home and host cultures Int J Lang Commun Disord.

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