radioactive exposure accident in goiania brazil

1). How a source is packaged, its physical and chemical properties, has bearing on the potential danger. In some of the houses, the houses were emptied and all the items tested for any form of radioactivity. Low Resolution Video. and transmitted securely. It was the start of a process that has been described as one of the worlds worst nuclear accidents. -- Kirstie Hansen, Division of Public Information, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100 Overview of the Goinia accident. 249 people were internally or externally contaminated (skin and/or clothing) and 2000 sq m of the environment was contaminated. [30] It won several awards at the 1990 Festival de Braslia. 0000000818 00000 n The incident is considered to be among the worst nuclear disasters to have happened. The remains of Cs-137 contamination in a terrain where part of a radiotherapy unit had been . Human exposure to ionizing radiation has increased over time, mainly due to medical applications, occupational and environmental exposure, as well as accidents involving radioactive materials. The IAEA introduced rigorous safety standards for radioactive sources, namely the International Basic Safety Standards No. Over a period of five days, friends and family, noticing that the pellets glowed in the dark, took them home as trinkets. Disclaimer. A-1400 Vienna, Austria Soil resuspension processes and burial of contaminated house waste in unused gardens Apart of this, in general terms, important aspects to be mentioned refer to the need for better care and control of radioactive devices, as well as adequate education programs for professionals and also the population. He died in 1994 of cirrhosis aggravated by depression and binge drinking. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Collett G, Young WR, Martin W, Anderson RM. After this accident, there was a need to conduct an extensive cleanup to avoid further spread of the radiation. The other two immediate fatalities were young men employed at the scrapyard. On 13 September 1987, a radiation accident occurred in the city of Goinia in Central Brazil. On September 13th of 1987 a nuclear incident occurred In light of the deaths caused, the three doctors who had owned and operated IGR were charged with criminal negligence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. They work entirely passively but are different from . That same evening, they both began to vomit due to radiation sickness. [2] Eventually, twenty people showed signs of radiation sickness and required treatment.[2]. [7][8], On September 13, 1987, the guard who was tasked with protecting the site did not show up for work. 112,000 persons were monitored 271 people were found to be contaminated 20 people needed to be in-hospital treatment among them 4 people died Fatal victim was placed inside a lead coffin (600 kg ) and buried in concrete Photograph showing epilation reaction to radioactive emanations sixty-three days after the Nagasaki explosion. disasters to date, as it is classified as a level 5 accident. The incident is considered one of the top 10 nuclear [1] The Incident When the Goiania Institute of Radiotherapy relocated, throughout Brazil, as it reminded citizens of the many dangers that could BMJ. is the author's own and that Stanford University provided no input other Care must be rendered by medical staff who are engaged on a daily basis. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The removal of a 50.9-TBq 137Cs source from a radiation therapy facility in Goinia gave rise to a radiological accident in September 1987 whose proportions were aggravated by the 16-d interval from the beginning of a series of acts that resulted in the contamination of people and areas, to the mome Two men found the canister and took it home in a wheelbarrow. The Institute Goiano de Radioterapia (IGR) moved locations in 1985 and left behind a teletherapy unit in the process. Mr. Vilmos Friedrich, who heads an IAEAs unit that supports countries to control radioactive sources, says these orphaned sources often enter the scrap metal exchange chain. Accessibility Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. startxref Environmental contamination necessitated evacuation of 41 residences, demolition of seven homes, and removal of large amounts of soil by heavy machinery. When IGR moved to its new premises in 1985, it left behind a caesium-137-based teletherapy unit that had been purchased in 1977. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. It was subsequently handled by many people, resulting in four deaths. The author recalls her experiences during the follow-up of the radiological accident in Goiania, Brazil, in 1987, when a 137cs capsule was removed from an abandoned radiotherapy clinic. External irradiation of hand and thigh. The accident occurred after an old radiotherapy source was stolen from an abandoned hospital site. Articles such as this one were acquired and published with the primary aim of expanding the information on Britannica.com with greater speed and efficiency than has traditionally been possible. How Airports Catch Illicit Radioactive Cargo. Strong political and public pressures caused authorities to set remedial action levels at substantially restrictive levels. 2007 Mar;16(2):239-52. doi: 10.1007/s11136-006-9006-2. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com, The Goinia Radioactivity Accident Of 1987, Largest Traffic Accident Pile-Ups In History. government site. 137. Known therapeutic measures and remedial actions were used and validated. The accident was caused primarily because of radioactive contamination of an abandoned piece of hospital machinery. from the United States and the Soviet Union traveled to Brazil to help [20] If the dose is spread over a long time period, these mechanisms can mitigate the effects of radiation poisoning.[21]. There he spread some of it on the concrete floor. radioactive isotope of cesium which is prevalent due to its spontaneous 0000001059 00000 n Twenty people were identified by medical triage as needing hospitalization. Brando-Mello CE, Oliveira AR, Valverde NJ, Farina R, Cordeiro JM. Apart from removing topsoil from various sites that had been infected, houses were also demolished, and all the items within the houses examined for any form of radioactivity. Conducted a multidisciplinary field study in Goiania, Brazil, 3.5 yrs after an accident involving -1-3-7Cs, a radioactive cesium isotope. News of the radiation incident was broadcast on local, national, and international media. h1). The Goinia accident spread significant radioactive contamination throughout the Aeroporto, Central, and Ferrovirios districts. sold it to a local junkyard. What Is The Official Language Of The United States? The tables below show the symptoms that manifest with localized cutaneous radiation injury, acute radiation syndrome, and lethal doses of radiation according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The IAEA is developing safety standards for dealing with orphaned sources in the metal recycling industry. Interested in participating in the Publishing Partner Program? Slottje P, Twisk JW, Smidt N, Huizink AC, Witteveen AB, van Mechelen W, Smid T. Qual Life Res. Taking advantage of the absence of the guard,[8] burglars Roberto dos Santos Alves and Wagner Mota Pereira illegally entered the partially demolished IGR site. Introduction and account of actions taken; 8. In this case, the IAEA recognized that to reduce the psychological impact of the event, greater effort should have been taken to clean up items of personal value, such as jewelry and photographs. Heavy rain that fell between Sept 21 and 28 complicated the response by dispersing cesium further into the environment rather than washing it away; radioactive materials were found to be deposited on roof tops after the rainfall instead of washing out. On September 18, Alves sold the items to a nearby scrapyard. Accessibility An old teletherapy unit containing Among the radiation-exposed victims, at least 50 individuals showed symptoms of whole-body and local acute irradiation, and also external or internal contamination. Four months prior the theft of the radioactive source, one of the IGR owners by the name Carlos Figueredo had gone to the site to retrieve the remaining object when he was denied entry by the police. Cytogenetic damage in lymphocytes for the purpose of dose reconstruction: a review of three recent radiation accidents. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Omissions? 1998 Nov;74(5):565-71. doi: 10.1080/095530098141140. The Goinia incident Stories from Physics for 11-14 14-16 In 1985, a private radiotherapy clinic in Goinia, Brazil was being moved to new premises. "With all the developments which took place since the Goinia accident - in terms of controlling the movement of radioactive sources, preparing emergency response plans and waste management - certainly the public and the environment are better protected now than 20 years ago," Didier Louvat, Head of IAEA Waste and Environmental Safety says. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies "Brazil All Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Roberto dos Santos and Wagner Mota, men who were searching for scrap metal to sell, took advantage of the situation and managed to gain access into the premises. Following the dismantling of the radioactive device, AIves sold the items to a nearby scrapyard on September 18th, 1987. The lead and steel canister looked innocent enough, but it held a small capsule with an iridium window, full of highly radioactive cesium chloride. arise due to the nuclear reactor near Rio de Janeiro, as well as the had knowledge of the abandoned radioactive material in the building. 0000008661 00000 n The accident in September 1987 in Goinia was one of the most serious radiation accidents in history. Typical flash burn of exposed portions of the skin as it appeared sixty-three days after the Nagasaki explosion. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036071. The incident took place in Goiania, Brazil. Environmental assessments; 9. Her aunt would also be a victim. Pieces were distributed . In 2007, the IAEA knew of ten such incidents involving dangerous sources. It involves many medical and non-medical disciplines. Because the accidents occurred before the promulgation of the Federal Constitution of 1988 and because the substance was acquired by the clinic and not by the individual owners, the court could not declare the owners of IGR liable. The Goiania accident took place on September 13th, 1987. Disclaimer. the machine, the remaining Cs-137 was released. She would die a month later and be buried in a lead coffin encased in concrete. 5 Things You Should Know About: Central America, 5 Things You Should Know About: South America, 5 Things You Should Know About: North America. In 2007, the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation determined that the rate of caesium-137 related diseases are the same in Goinia accident survivors as they are in the population at large. FOIA An official website of the United States government. material. and unaware of its many dangers and its repercussions, they distributed [1] With the widespread contamination of Cs-137, experts This particular incident created widespread awareness were swept of radioactive waste and patients were properly treated. [1] He inserted the screwdriver and successfully scooped out some of the glowing substance. Those that were found to be free of radioactivity were wrapped in plastic bags, while those that were contaminated were either decontaminated or disposed of as waste. During site demolition, the unit was partly demolished. Prussian blue was used to internally decontaminate many people, although by the time it was applied, much of the radioactive material had already migrated from the bloodstream to the muscle tissue, greatly hampering its effectiveness. On September 13th of 1987 a nuclear incident occurred in Goiania Brazil (shown in Fig. Let us know. The opening of a radiotherapy machine containing cesium-137 led to the direct irradiation of 249 people. Ability of the general public to recognize the potential danger of a radiation source is important. Serum Metabolomic Alterations Associated with Cesium-137 Internal Emitter Delivered in Various Dose Rates. Subsequent analysis resulted in the publication of numerous scientific articles. Mr. Ferreira who survived the ordeal later succumbed to cirrhosis and died in 1994 following a history of depression and excessive alcohol consumption. National Library of Medicine A sealed source need only be picked up, placed in a lead container, and transported to the radioactive waste storage. machinery. The present report is divided into four parts: a chronology of destruction of the source, discovery of the accident and initial response; a description of the human consequences and the dosimetry and treatment of seriously exposed and contaminated persons; an account of the assessment of the environmental contamination and the remedial actions taken; and observations and recommendations. Arktis' detectors can also be installed in doorways or used in luggage-handling locations. Clinical Symptoms of Localized Cutaneous Radiation Injury (Open Table in a new window) Painted surfaces could be scraped, while floors were treated with acid and Prussian blue mixtures. [31], A 1992 episode of Captain Planet and the Planeteers depicts a somewhat loosely-based version of this event in the episode "A Deadly Glow," albeit with a happier ending for all involved, and blaming the contamination of the town on an eco-villain. Four people died within four weeks of hospital admission. Over the next three days, he invited friends and family to view the strange glowing substance. [citation needed], In 1991, a group of researchers collected blood samples from highly exposed survivors of the incident. [ 1, 2] Table 1. many pieces of equipment in the country that contains radioactive Accidents with radiation sources used in medicine and industry also have attracted widespread public attention: Cuidad Juarez (Mexico), Mohamadia (Moroc-co), Goiania (Brazil), San Salvador (El Sal-vador), and Zaragoza (Spain) are names that ap-peared in the news after people were injured in radiation accidents. radioactive materials." [6] The fate of the abandoned site was disputed in court between IGR and the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, then owner of the premises. [Carcinogenic hazards of radioactive cesium]. Radiation Exposure Injuries. Some 250 people were contaminated and four died in the first month. On 13 September 1987, a radiation accident occurred in the city of Goiania in Central Brazil. He soon developed a burn on his hand in the same size and shape as the aperture he eventually underwent partial amputation of several fingers. in Goiania Brazil (shown in Fig. 0000010599 00000 n [2] According to scientists, the government PMC Potassium alum dissolved in hydrochloric acid was used on clay, concrete, soil, and roofs. Corrections? [1] Of this group, 129 people had internal contamination. At the invitation of the Brazilian government, the authors conducted a multidisciplinary field study in Goiania, Brazil, 3 1/2 years after an accident involving 137 Cs, a radioactive cesium isotope. [18] Ivo Ferreira died of emphysema in 2003. %%EOF What Is The Difference Between Catholic And Christian? After the accident these concepts were fostered," Ms. Amaral says. The device was brought into the home of Mr. Ferreira where he invited his friends and family to view the glowing capsule. The IAEA is also driving a Cradle to Grave approach to the way countries take responsibility to keep radioactive material safe and secure. 137Cesium-induced chromosome aberrations analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization: eight years follow up of the Goinia radiation accident victims. Health-related quality of life of firefighters and police officers 8.5 years after the air disaster in Amsterdam. Low-dose ionizing radiation and chromosome translocations: a review of the major considerations for human biological dosimetry. However, they did not have enough medical experience or . Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. Topsoil had to be removed from several sites, and several houses were demolished. 0000006818 00000 n Clinical and hematological aspects of 137Cs: the Goinia radiation accident. Rubin GJ, Webster R, Amlot R, Carter H, Weston D, Wessely S. BMJ Open. properly recognize the magnitude of the problem. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Estimated dosages received ranged from 4.5-6.0 Gy (total body dose, independently estimated based on cytogenetics). Nevertheless, they continued in their efforts. 1. Maria Gabriela Ferreira notifies authorities, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Ciudad Jurez cobalt-60 contamination incident, "Columbia Scientists Prepare for a Threat: A Dirty Bomb", "How one handful of powder contaminated a whole city", "The Worst Nuclear Disasters Photo Essays", "Time to better secure radioactive materials", "Me acredita que Leide das Neves a "santa" criada pela tragdia do csio", "Pas est preparado para atuar em acidente radioativo", "Goinia, 25 anos depois: 'perguntam at se brilhamos', diz vtima", "Fractionation (radiation therapy) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org", Vtimas do csio 137 voltam a receber remdios e pedem assistncia mdica para todos, "Case Law and Administrative Decisions, Judgement of the Federal Court in the Public Civil Action concerning the Goinia Accident", "Countering Radiological Terrorism: Consequences of the Radiation Exposure Incident in Goiania (Brazil)", 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1996)27:3<165::AID-EM1>3.0.CO;2-E, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1996)28:3<267::AID-EM11>3.0.CO;2-D, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)29:2<107::AID-EM1>3.0.CO;2-B, "Captain Planet and the Planeteers - The Deadly Glow - TheTVDB.com", Detailed Report from the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1988, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goinia_accident&oldid=1142678476, Radiation source left unsecured by authorities, two nested stainless steel canisters welded to, a protective internal shield (usually uranium metal or a tungsten alloy) and, a cylinder of radioactive source material, often but not always, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 20:13. The day before the sale to the third scrapyard, on September 24, Ivo, Devair's brother, successfully scraped some additional dust out of the source and took it to his house a short distance away. 24 17 In the morning of September 29, a visiting medical physicist[14] used a scintillation counter to confirm the presence of radioactivity and persuaded the authorities to take immediate action. Hundreds of people were eventually poisoned by. The Government and authorities in Brazil were faced with a tragic accident in Goinia resulting from the misuse of a strongly radioactive medical teletherapy source not under radiation protection surveillance. Communicating risk to the public after radiological incidents. The Federal Court of Goiania blamed the National Nuclear Energy Commission for not taking the necessary measures to prevent the occurrence of the accident. Sodium hydroxide solutions, also followed by dissolved potassium alum, were used to treat synthetic floors, machines and typewriters. <]>> The Goiania accident was a radioactive accident that happened at Goiania, the capital of Gois state in Brazil. poisoning. It is not clear from the IAEA report to what degree this was practised. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The author warrants that the work The people of Goinia, Brazil were tragically caught unaware about the effects of an old radiation source in 1987. PMC of other authorities, the situation was contained, as contaminated areas The majority of the internally contaminated people only suffered small doses (< 50 mSv, less than a 1 in 400 risk of getting cancer as a result[citation needed]). His six-year-old daughter, Leide das Neves Ferreira, later ate an egg while sitting on this floor. because of radioactive contamination of an abandoned piece of hospital Accident in Goinia," International Atomic Energy Agency, 6. Roberto dos Santos Alves together with Wagner Mota Periera, taking advantage of the absence of a security guard, illegally entered the abandoned facility on September 13, 1987. A Deadly Hazard," Physics 241, Stanford University, Winter 2012. "in a radiation accident now proving to be the most serious of its kind Pictures were taken by Erwin F. Hirsch, M.D., Professor of Surgery of Boston University School of Medicine and IAEA consultant, in December 1987 roughly three months post-exposure. [7] On September 11, 1986, the Court of Gois stated it[who?] Medical response; 6. Camparoto ML, Ramalho AT, Natarajan AT, Curado MP, Sakamoto-Hojo ET. The site is secure. it to family and friends. In all, about 250 people were irradiated, some seriously, and the authorities were forced to mount a major clean-up of contaminated locations. These incidents led to flooding of many people into nearby hospitals. : +43 1 2600 22529, +43 1 2600 22530Fax: +43 1 2600 29302Email: sales.publications@iaea.org, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100 After analysis, 249 people were proved to have been carrying extremely high levels of radioactive material. It is now buried in a near surface repository on the outskirts of the city, where it must be isolated for the next 300 years. [13] On September 28, 1987 fifteen days after the item was found she reclaimed the materials from the rival scrapyard and transported them to a hospital. Lessons drawn from the 1987 Goinia accident in Brazil are still helping shape actions on radiation safety and security decades later. In September 1987, an accident with 137Cesium occurred in Goinia city, Brazil; the accident started with the removal of a 50.9-TBq 137Cesium source from an abandoned radiotherapy unit. Public responses to the Salisbury Novichok incident: a cross-sectional survey of anxiety, anger, uncertainty, perceived risk and avoidance behaviour in the local community. Found by scrap metal hunters, it was dismantled and the cesium chloride source containing 1,400 Ci of cesium-137 was removed. Children and adults both were attracted to the glowing blue substance that was imagined to be valuable and was thus soon broken into pieces for distribution. That same day, his wife, 37-year-old Maria Gabriela Ferreira, began to fall ill. On September 25, 1987, Devair Ferreira sold the scrap metal to a third scrapyard. The accident in September 1987 in Goinia was one of the most serious radiation accidents in history. They sold the remnants of the source assembly to a junkyard owner. Proceedings of the International Seminar Recovery Operations in the Event of A Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, Vienna, 06-10 Nov 1989, IAEA-SM-316/18, . [3]. National Library of Medicine Initial actions upon discovery of the accident; Part II. Radiation accident, Goiania, Brazil, Sept 13, 1987. Pictures were taken by Erwin F. Hirsch, M.D., Professor of Surgery of Boston University School of Medicine and IAEA consultant, in December 1987 roughly three months post-exposure. This contribution has not yet been formally edited by Britannica. permission to copy, distribute and display this work in unaltered form, A brother of the scrapyard owner took some cesium home, where his six-year-old daughter played with the powder. [8] Meanwhile, the owners of IGR wrote several letters to the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN), warning them about the danger of keeping a teletherapy unit at an abandoned site, but they could not remove the equipment by themselves once a court order prevented them from doing so. On September 13th, 1987 a radioactive contamination accident took place in Goinia, Gois, Brazil. The incident led to fours death including Mr. Ferreira's six-year-old daughter and 37-year-old wife and two employees who worked in the scrapyard. In 1987 in the city of Goiania, Brazil, occurred one of the worst radiological accidents ever reported. production, which occurs as a result of nuclear fission of other The Goiania accident was a radioactive accident that happened at Goiania, the capital of Gois state in Brazil. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. The Goinia accident resulted in the highest recorded levels of 137 Cs contamination. [32], The state government of Gois established the Fundao Leide das Neves Ferreira in February 1988, both to study the extent of contamination of the population as a result of the incident and to render aid to those affected.[33]. The human consequences: Dealing with the people affected; 5. Telephone: +43 (1) 2600-0, Facsimile +43 (1) 2600-7, 19982023 IAEA, All rights reserved. Illustrative Case Study: 1987 Radiological Accident in Goiania, Brazil In September 1987, a hospital in Goiania, Brazil, moved to a new location and left its radiation cancer therapy unit behind. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. 8600 Rockville Pike Cs-137 was one of the machines left in the abandoned building. (137)Cesium; Biological dosimetry; Chromosomal aberrations; Dicentrics; Ionizing radiation; Translocations. The people began showing gastrointestinal and flu-like symptoms, hair loss, and general malaise, not initially recognized as due to irradiation. Generally, medical personnel and hospitals are not prepared for this type of injury, care, or emergency. Appendices and annexes give an assessment of the effectiveness of international co-operation in the emergency response, and provide further information on: public communications; radiological survey equipment; guidelines for the discharge of patients; radiological protection; chemical decontamination; and the lessons learned. Scientists believe that even after the cleanup had been done, more than 7 TBq of radioactivity was not eliminated. If you would like to learn more about the IAEAs work, sign up for our weekly updates containing our most important news, multimedia and more. Waste disposal; Part IV. other rights, including commercial rights, are reserved to the 0000000880 00000 n The city, state, and national governments were all aware of the incident by the end of the day. The explosion of . The accident occurred after an old radiotherapy source was stolen from an abandoned hospital site. Other contamination was also found in or on:[25], The original teletherapy capsule was seized by the Brazilian military as soon as it was discovered, and since then the empty capsule has been on display at the Escola de Instruo Especializada ("School of Specialized Instruction") in Rio de Janeiro as a memento to those who participated in the cleanup of the contaminated area. Periera continued to dismantle the device which further exposed him to the radioactive material which resulted in his right foreman needing amputation. Sampling of air, food and fruit, soil, groundwater, sediment, river water, and drinking water took place. internal radiation exposure in an accident are discussed. [3] M. Simons, Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Updates? Gets Help on Radiation Accident," New York Times, 11 Oct 87. Natarajan AT, Santos SJ, Darroudi F, Hadjidikova V, Vermeulen S, Chatterjee S, Berg M, Grigorova M, Sakamoto-Hojo ET, Granath F, Ramalho AT, Curado MP. Authorities laid out a plan and followed it. Slottje P, Smidt N, Twisk JW, Huizink AC, Witteveen AB, van Mechelen W, Smid T. BMC Public Health. In this accident, pellets were insidious in their small size, easy to handle. As the Cs-137 spread around Goiania, individuals It most likely had been used for radiation therapy at the abandoned Goinia Hospital. In 2000, CNEN was ordered by the 8th Federal Court of Gois to pay compensation of R$1.3 million (near US$750,000) and to guarantee medical and psychological treatment for the direct and indirect victims of the accident and their descendants down to the third generation.[23]. Those items that had no radioactivity were wrapped in polythene bags while those that had been infected were disposed or decontaminated depending on the level of contamination. Contents: Executive summary; Part I. 2008 Sep-Oct;659(3):211-20. doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.04.001. If you would like to learn more about the IAEAs work, sign up for our weekly updates containing our most important news, multimedia and more. Since the accident, the gradual replacement of sealed sources containing the soluble, powdery form of cesium chloride has been considered. January 13, 2023. Maria Gabriela Ferreira had been the first to notice that many people around her had become severely ill at the same time. [7] The Court of Gois posted a security guard to protect the site. Ferreira began to share some of them with various friends and family members. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). On September 16, Alves succeeded in puncturing the capsule's aperture window with a screwdriver, allowing him to see a deep blue light coming from the tiny opening he had created. External irradiation of hand and thigh. [7][clarification needed], Four months before the theft, on May 4, 1987, Saura Taniguti, then director of Ipasgo, the institute of insurance for civil servants, used police force to prevent one of the owners of IGR, Carlos Figueiredo Bezerril, from removing the radioactive material that had been left behind.

66 St John Street Dartmouth Ma, Wex Fleet Card Product Codes, Elizabeth Ellen Farnsworth, Articles R