how was agent orange shipped to vietnam

Today, a primary chemical of the toxic defoliant causes deformed births and deadly cancers. Pacifica Graduate Institute is accredited by the WASC Senior College and University Commission (WSCUC), 985 Atlantic Avenue, Suite 100, Alameda, CA 94501, 510.748.9001, and is approved by the State of California Board of Private Postsecondary Education (BPPE) and the U. S. Department of Education. These findings are important because they describe a previously unrecognized source of exposure to dioxin that has health significance to those who engaged in the transport work using these aircraft, according to Dr. Stellman and Peter A. Lurker, PhD, PE, CIH, an environmental engineer with many years of experience evaluating environmental exposures in the Air Force. It is estimated that, in total, tens of thousands of people have suffered serious birth defects spina bifida, cerebral palsy, physical and intellectual disabilities and missing or deformed limbs. The illnesses should not come as a surprise. By spraying Agent Orange, he thought he was helping the United States military bust through Vietnam's impenetrable jungles on the way to victory. The name was given because of the color of the orange-striped barrels in which it was shipped. Catholic Religious group, HIGH (widespread, mass mobilization, violence, arrests, etc), In REACTION to the implementation (during construction or operation), Development of a network/collective action. Herbicidal warfare had been a military dream since the 1940s, when Allied researchers began to brainstorm ways to use chemicals to scorch the earth. These include Agent White, Agent Blue, Agent Pink, and Agent Green, among others. During the Vietnam War, the United States sprayed on Vietnam about 40 million liters of Agent Orange and related toxic rainbow herbicides - Agents Purple, White, Green and Pink. The defoliant, sprayed from low-flying aircraft, consisted of approximately equal amounts of the unpurified butyl esters of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). However, the dioxin (the main component) continues to have harmful impact (both humans and ecosystems) today and no compensation of the US government to Vietnamese victims has taken place. The VA estimates that as many as 2.8 million Vietnam veterans could have been exposed to Agent Orange while between 2.1 and 4.5 million Vietnamese civilians may have been affected by exposure. Because the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) was responsible for handling, transport, and storage of Agent Orange from the time it was delivered to Vietnam until loading onto Operation Ranch Hand aircraft, Agent Orange exposures of Allied troops during these procedures may have been negligible. Nearly 3 million service members served in Vietnam and most returned home. Its an even more sobering twist to an already terrible storyone that keeps on illuminating the horrors of the Vietnam War decades after it came to an end. During this period, the island was a major staging point for the U.S. war in Vietnamwhere the United States sprayed millions of liters of Agent Orange, poisoning tens of thousands of its own troops and approximately 3 million Vietnamese people. Besides the obvious purpose of clearing the jungle cover of Vietnamese troops and disabling food production as mentioned above, the intoxication of land also assisted in the American political aim of uprooting over two million refugees from Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, forcing them to flee to other countries. ), Legacy of Agent Orange in Da Nang, Vietnam. When they're combined, an unwanted byproduct -- a dioxin called TCDD -- is formed. Famine, malnourishment and starvation set in. And in Vietnam, people who lived beneath the rain of rainbow chemicals have experienced generations of health effects. Second, finding better technology to eradicate all dioxin residues in Agent Orange hotspots in the past - Bien Hoa, Da Nang, Phu Cat airbases. This is one of the greatest legacies of the countrys 20-year war, but is yet to be honestly confronted. "After President Nixon ordered the U.S. military to stop spraying Agent Orange in 1970, this is the site where all the Agent Orange barrels remaining in Vietnam were collected. As a result, nobody is officially accountable for the suffering of Vietnamese victims of Agent Orange. All levels of Government Agencies claimed to be ignorant of the cost in human death and misery that would result . Many former service members stationed on Okinawa claim that they are suffering from similar illnesses due to exposure to the herbicide. Aerial spraying in central and southern Vietnam. The companies could have used fewer or no dioxins in their products, but they failed to do so. Agent Orange was a defoliant sprayed by the U.S. during the Vietnam War to clear dense vegetation and reveal enemy troops. The most heavily exposed locations among them Dong Nai, Binh Phuoc, Thua Thien Hue and Kontum were sprayed multiple times. Dioxins enter the bloodstream after being eaten or touched, build up in the food chain and can cause reproductive problems, cancer, hormonal interference, immune system damage, and developmental issues. OUR SERVICEMEN are I need. Da Nang International Airport was a former U.S. base that stored and distributed American-made herbicides during the Vietnam War. The operation lasted with incredible intensity for 9 consecutive years from 1962 to 1971. All but three of the aircraft were smelted down in 2009.The Air Force and Department of Veterans Affairs have previously denied benefits to these crew members. Exposure to Agent Orange has also been linked to type 2 diabetes, heart disease, hormone disruption, and dysfunction in the muscular and immune systems. This story was co-authored by Hang Thai T.M., a research assistant at the Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, in Hanoi. Agent Orange also contained small, variable proportions of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxincommonly called dioxinwhich is a by-product of the manufacture of 2,4,5-T and is toxic even in minute quantities. I remember the sight and the smell of the spray, recalls Thomas Pilsch, who served as a forward air controller in South Vietnam in 1968 and 1969. US plane spraying Vietnam landscape with tainted herbicide/defoliant Agent Orange during the war. Some 45 million liters of the poisoned spray was Agent Orange, which contains the toxic compound dioxin. They teamed up with Dr. Lurker to develop the models to clarify the issue.Our findings, the results of three different modelling approaches, contrast with Air Force and VA conclusions and policies, concludes Dr. Stellman. This, in turn, has caused erosion, compromising forests in 28 river basins. Vietnamese people werent the only ones poisoned by Agent Orange. To do so would set an unwelcome precedent: Despite official denials, the U.S. and its allies, including Israel, have been accused of using chemical weapons in conflicts in Gaza, Iraq and Syria. Mangrove forests before and after spraying. Percutaneous absorption of 2-butoxyethanol vapour in human subjects. U.S. soldiers, unaware of the dangers, sometimes showered in the empty 55-gallon drums, used them to store food and repurposed them as barbecue pits. No compensations have been given to vietnamese people. Make a one-time contribution to Alternet All Access, Forget Jeb DeSantis. More than 40 years on, the impact on their health has been staggering. U.S. soldiers, unaware of the dangers, sometimes showered in the empty 55-gallon drums, used them to store food and repurposed them as barbecue pits. The Agent Orange catastrophe did not end with the Vietnam War. The other 5 colors in Rainbow Herbicides are green, pink, color, blue, and white - Agent Blue for crop destruction and the others for jungle defoliation. Toxic byproducts of Agent Orange are polluting the environment in Vietnam, including its food supply, 50 years later. Agent Orange, its toxic defoliant cousin, has become well known in the US for its lethal effects on American troops who served in the war 1965-75 - and on their offspring. Agent Orange was stored on site at Diamond Alkali in 208-liter barrels painted with an orange stripe and then loaded on ocean-going vessels and shipped through the Panama Canal Zone [13] Figure 11 In the United States alone, a ProPublica analysis suggests, a child born to a veteran exposed to Agent Orange was a third more likely to be born with a birth defect. Agent Orange was a tactical herbicide mixture used by the United States military during the Vietnam War era. Right now we have two governmentsJapan and the U.S.who were actively working together for many decades to lie to their citizens, he said. We have a strong desire to do the right thing for all of the U.S. veterans who were exposed to herbicides/Dioxin on Okinawa as well as for Okinawa, states the letter, which was organized by former Air Force sergeant Joe Sipala. "The U.S. Department of Defense has searched and found no record that the aircraft or ships transporting (Agent) Orange to South Vietnam stopped at Okinawa on their way," Maj. Neal Fisher, deputy director of public affairs for U.S. forces in Japan, recently informed the author. Dioxin can have devastating, lethal effects on human health, and on top of that, it is hereditary.World Health Organization has listed dioxin as a cancer-causing substance, capable of impairing internal organs, the immune system, and the nervous system.Whats more dreadful is that dioxin can permeate into the soil and groundwater of Vietnam, and dig its way into plants and animals, which later can be consumed by people and accumulated in their body tissues without their knowledge. Birth defects, disabilities, and irreversable environmental damage are all results of the ten-year aerial bombardment. One prominent comic strip featured a character named Brother Nam who explained that The only effect of defoliant is to kill trees and force leaves to whither, and normally does not cause harm to people, livestock, land, or the drinking water of our compatriots.. Contradicting decades of denial by Washington, the report is the first direct admission by the U.S. military that it stored these poisons on Okinawa. No such plan is in store in Vietnam. Controversial then and now, its still not clear whether Operation Ranch Hand, a form of chemical warfare, was even permitted under international law. No matter how hard it is, Vietnam is bound to pull it off. As a result of herbicide spraying, watershed forests of over 28 major rivers suffered serious damage, according to Vietnam Environment Administration Magazine; their flood-preventing capability has dwindled considerably; numerous animal and plant species have gone extinct. The natural habitat of such rare species as tigers, elephants, bears and leopards were distorted, in many cases beyond repair. More than 19 million gallons of various "rainbow" herbicide combinations were sprayed, but Agent Orange was . In the early 1970s, the U.S. government banned the use of Agent Orange in Vietnam after scientific studies showed the dioxin-tainted herbicide posed a serious threat to human health. In 1969, when he was the National Security Advisor, the Cambodian government filed a claim for over $12 million in damages caused by night-time spraying of Agent Orange in Kompong Cham Province.

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