map of bridges over the mississippi river

This is a list of bridges and other crossings of the Lower Mississippi River from the Ohio River downstream to the There are several large cities that are near or right on the banks of the Mississippi River, and those cities tend to be accompanied by bridges that cross the they are big. Second, most of these and Recreation Area. TDOT is responsible for maintenance and repairs. WebWalthall County, Mississippi: Structure Number: SA7400000000008: Maintenance Responsibility: County Highway Agency: Ownership: County Highway Agency: Facility Carried By Structure: DILLONS BRIDGE RD: Features Intersected (Location): BOGUE CHITTO RIVER (SEC 29 T 1N R10E B) Year Built: 1982: Year Reconstructed: N/A Diagram of I-40 Hernando DeSoto Bridge Identifying Location of Fracture, Video: Animated rendering of the planned repairs for the I-40 Hernando DeSoto Bridge. Visit Quad Cities estimates a new national park could quadruple that number in just the first year, with sales tax bringing a huge boost to local hotels and restaurants. The other is the I-55 Mississippi River Bridge, which was built in the mid-1940s. At one point in its history, the bridge served as the Mississippi River crossing point for Route 66 . The fur of the animal is ideal for insulating the nests of certain birds, and burrowing owls once relied on their dung for building their homes. Between Iowa and Illinois, spanning a stretch of the Mississippi River that flows from east to west, sits an exhausted 55-year-old concrete bridge. A member of the Eastern Shoshone, Baldes works to restore bison to the lands they once populated and reconnect them with Indigenous peoples who revered them as a main source of food and a spiritual symbol. It is located on the St. Louis riverfront between Laclede's Landing, to the north, and the grounds of the Gateway Arch, to the south. Advocates say highlighting the areas traditional connection with bison can call attention to that history. Rather than being the destination, the bridges are a reason of impressive structures that facilitate boat and barge traffic, and Smaller rivers dont do it that significantly or if the are more like canyons. The Interstate 40 bridge connecting Arkansas and Tennessee over the Mississippi River was shut down in May after inspectors found a crack in one of two 900-foot (275-meter) horizontal steel beams critical for the bridges structural integrity, forcing thousands of trucks and cars to detour until the bridge reopened at the end of July after repairs. The three final proposed locations are all south of Baton Rouge and connect Louisiana Highway 1 on the west side of the river to Highway 30 in east Iberville. Yet construction was not completed on the bridge, which was officially named the Memphis and Arkansas Bridge, until 1949 due to World War II and a construction workers strike in 1945. We cover the entire river from its headwaters Over a dozen bridges cross the Mississippi River in the St. Louis metro area. Hence a dead zone," Bricker said. John Bel Edwards called on the Legislature to provide $500 million for the bridge project with hopes of attracting federal matching dollars. One crosses the river and runs to the same spot on the east bank as the highest-rated version, close to the LA 30-Bluebonnet Road intersection. It is Construction of the five-and-a-half-mile, six-lane bridge cost fifty-seven million dollars. sight. Design teams are working on short- and long-term solutions that would allow traffic to safely resume on the bridge. The next nearest crossings are about 60 miles to the south near Lula, Mississippi, and 100 miles to the north near Dyersburg, Tennessee. digital camera. an accident or causing an accident. Bike lanes on Front Street and The Riverwalk can take you safely around . The following information is provided for citations. (Map courtesy DOTD/Atlas Technical Consultants). WebForrest County, Mississippi: Structure Number: SA1800000000121: Maintenance Responsibility: City or Municipal Highway Agency: Ownership: City or Municipal Highway Agency: Facility Carried By Structure: RIVER AVENUE: Features Intersected (Location): GORDONS CREEK (SEC 10 T 4N R13W) Year Built: 1929: Year Reconstructed: N/A: Once on the crossing, remember that it is a shared-use path for pedestrians and peddlers, and bike riders should yield to pedestrians, as well as alert them when you are passing (always on the left). Press J to jump to the feed. The bison was known as the life commissary for my grandmas and grandpas, Baldes said. The next section of the Mississippi River is the Twin Cities metro area. It carries approximately 60,000 vehicles daily. The Interstate 40 bridge over the Mississippi River could be closed for weeks, if not longer, because of damage that could have led to a catastrophic event. A WebFranklin County, Mississippi: Structure Number: 210009801904500: Maintenance Responsibility: State Highway Agency: Ownership: State Highway Agency: Facility Carried By Structure: US 98: Features Intersected (Location): HOMOCHITTO RIVER (1.4 MI E SR 184) Year Built: 1951: Year Reconstructed: N/A: Average Daily Traffic (Year): 2,400 Pregracke spends months every year living on barges and cleaning up refuse from the Mississippi, and he has brought his passion for the river to his latest project: converting the ailing bridge into a buffalo preserve. We ask that you edit only for style or to shorten, provide proper attribution and link to our web site. manged by the National Park Service as the Mississippi National River I-40 runs through Memphis and crosses the Mississippi River, making Memphis a major transportation and economic center. The vetting process went into high gear once Republican legislative leaders said they werereluctant to provide the money Edwards sought because the location of the bridge was still so uncertain. Looking in the Natchez, Mississippi area, all the lakes in that region seem to be just old parts of the river that shifted. The Mississippi River and its many tributaries pic.twitter.com/HmHkl8OLv7. As the fresher river water clears, tiny marine algae called phytoplankton are stimulated by the newly available sunlight and the high dissolved nitrogen concentrations, growing rapidly in an algal bloom. There are five bridges that span the Mississippi River from Tennessee. As a result, this is some of the deepest The idea came to him four years ago as he drove across the bridge one day, he says: I thought, what if we made this a wildlife crossing?. The Mississippi River is the second longest river in the U.S., and over 30 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces drain into it. The Main Street district runs from South 14th Street to South Rhodes Street along East Broadway Avenue and is home to theoriginal KWEM radio station, legendary for giving airtime to up-and-coming local artists. These charts show river mileages, navigation markers, features, bridge and other elevated clearance tables. The conservationist and local hero hails from the Quad Cities, a 300,000-person metropolitan area spanning two states on either side of the Mississippi River. The Lake Itasca to Ball Club This results in some bridges having very long [OC] Maps showing the fastest paths from everywhere to a There, a whole different ecosystem of bacteria and other decomposers use any oxygen in the bottom water to break down the plant biomass. Everyone wants to take in the spectacular views of the river and the Downtown Memphis skyline. He previously led the government and politics team for The Times-Picayune | NOLA.com, and was editor in chief at New Orleans CityBusiness. The opening of the bridge was celebrated with parades, fireworks, and meetings of the Deep Water Convention. Please see our republishing guidelines for use of photos and graphics. Our stories may be republished online or in print under Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Plus, there are several emergency call boxes along the bridge. Commuters driving through the capital city on Interstate 10 have dealt with traffic tie-ups for decades despite multiple widening projects along I-10 and I-12. The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area suggests 2,350 miles, while Itasca State Park says that the river is 2,552 miles long. *The I-40 Mississippi River Bridge is open. This custom, to-be-built Modern-Tudor home by David Charlez Designs is located in Saint Paulsnewest sought-after community, Highland Bridge. The river then flows out into the Gulf of Mexico. New bridges across the Mississippi continue to be built in the 21st century. The bridge is undergoing intense analysis, including bridge modeling, to determine the extent of the damage. The bridges construction began in 1867 and ended in 1874. The land here isnt really used for anything since its either swampy or just unusable in general. WebForrest County, Mississippi: Structure Number: SA1800000000203: Maintenance Responsibility: County Highway Agency: Ownership: County Highway Agency: Facility Carried By Structure: GLENDALE AVENUE: Features Intersected (Location): BOUIE RIVER (SEC 33 T 5N R13W B) Year Built: 1960: Year Reconstructed: N/A: Average Daily Traffic If you are on foot or a bike, there is access via Channel 3 Drive near Virginia Avenue W., just beyond the driveway for the Church of the River. Is there like a list of coordinates from 200 years ago in some surveyors office? Buffalo were once abundant in the midwest and western United States, but they were hunted nearly to extinction. the main spans are usually inside of the levee systems, but in most The cracked beam is composed of four blades of steel, and at least two appear to no longer be connected because of the damage. writing the stories. WebForrest County, Mississippi: Structure Number: 210001101807630: Maintenance Responsibility: State Highway Agency: Ownership: State Highway Agency: Facility Carried By Structure: US 11: Features Intersected (Location): LEAF RIVER (0.5 MI S SR 42 EAST) Year Built: 1978: Year Reconstructed: N/A: Average Daily Traffic (Year): 9,500 (2020) 2171, Itasca County Road 9 / Cass County Road 9, Minnesota Highway 6 Bridge (Morse Township), Stearns County Road 1/Benton County Road 2 (125th Street NW), Benton County Road 29/Stearns County Road 78, 9th Avenue North (St. The light shows are often themed for holidays and special events going on in the city. Baldes said based on his experience with bison populations, the bridge would be a sufficient size for a small herd of eight to 10 animals. The arch truss spans are above the roadway and connected with steel box beams. Four bridges cross the Mississippi at Memphis: the Frisco Bridge, the Harahan, the Memphis and Arkansas, and the Hernando DeSoto. Baldes said restoring bison in the US was important both culturally and ecologically. The work will allow the bridge to be able to withstand a 7.7 magnitude earthquake and provide a "post-earthquake" lifeline link for emergency vehicles and the general public. Pregracke says the project would help turn the Quad City area into a world-class destination, highlighting the Mississippi River as a feature worth traveling to, rather than a body of water to be crossed on the highway. We ask that you edit only for style or to shorten, provide proper attribution and link to our web site. Depends on the river and also how the border is set up. Do you have a tip on a science story that Newsweek should be covering? U.S. 278 is proposed to later move to the Dean Bridge when built (unknown). Status. The Harahan Bridge was named for Illinois Central Railroad President J. T. Harahan and spans the river two hundred feet north of the Frisco. It also affects barge navigation, as the Mississippi is a maritime highway for barges shipping agricultural and other industrial products. The Harahan was also plagued by rust, rotting timbers, and overcrowding and was declared inadequate in the 1930s. A procession of 256 vehicles was led by Hal Allen, head of the Traffic Division of the Memphis Police Department, and included city officials from Memphis, West Memphis, and 1,500 shut-ins from various Memphis institutions. 1) The Crescent City Connection bridge spans over the Mississippi River, connecting downtown New Orleans to the Westbank. A fourth bridge at Memphis was proposed in the late 1950s to link the expressways in Tennessee and Arkansas. If you're looking to extend your adventure, continue about 5.5 miles west of Big River Crossing's terminus to Broadway Avenue in West Memphis, Arkansas. The project also involves the reconstruction of IL 84 at the north end of Savanna, Illinois. On the Memphis side, when you exit Big River Crossing you are in Downtown home of the blues and a place filled with restaurants and shops. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. "The starting point of a river is a bit fuzzy, because it could either be the first place where substantial surface water gathers or it could be the edge of its drainage basinthe furthermost area of ground where a drop of rain could flow into the river," Mathew Barlow, a professor of climate science at the University of Massachusetts Lowell, told Newsweek. A steel box beam is comprised of two side plates, measuring 32 x 1-3/8 (inboard and outboard), and tow cover plates, measuring 25 x 1/2 (top and bottom). But the small size did not diminish the importance of the project, he said, adding that he saw it as a very key educational tool for the broader public. The Mississippi river starts in Lake Itasca in Minnesota. The Mississippi has the 4th largest basin globally and ranks as the 4th longest river (3,730 km/2,320 mi) and 15th biggest river by the volumetric flow rate of water on the planet (average discharge 16,800 m 3 /s or 593,000 cu ft/s). Gadsden , AL 35903 Phone: (256) 413-6387 Fax: (256) 492-7737 View Map. area, or the land is private and posted for no trespassing. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. As part of the nine phases of construction, the deteriorated west approach was completely replaced with a new steel plate girder structure. WebThe Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) has completed the Preliminary Engineering and Environmental Study for the replacement of the bridge that carries I-270 over the The Mississippi River is commonly divided into four sections. Growth of suburban parishes has exacerbated the problem. The U.S. Geological Survey states that the river is 2,300 miles long, while the EPA claims that it's 2,320 miles long. The westbound lanes reopened on August 2.*. The Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. It opened to railroad traffic on July 14, 1916, with no official ceremony. Spanish conquistador and explorer Hernando De Soto is often cited as having discovered the Mississippi in 1541. "It is a seasonal condition that is present typically in the bottom one to two meters of the water column when it is stratified (fresh river water on topcolder, saltier GOM water on the bottom.". the combined flow of the Wabash, Tennessee, and Cumberland Rivers via 5 mi On staff at Gadsden Eye Associates PC. List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River, The Bridges And Structures Of The Lower Mississippi River, Trains Magazine: Trackside Guide, Mississippi River Crossings, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_crossings_of_the_Lower_Mississippi_River&oldid=1087213295, Lists of river crossings in the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 May 2022, at 02:43. Some of these bridges, such as the Stone Arch Bridge in Minneapolis, date back to the 1800s, while others, such as the Poplar Street Bridge, were built in the mid-to-late 1900s. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. As a result, I upgraded to a Minolta digital SLR, and Clearly a good proof why rivers should not make a border, unless you are prepared to realign the border every couple of years. "Due to both rising temperatures, which make the land and air 'thirstier,' as well as increasing year-to-year fluctuations in rainfall amounts, we expect an increase in both floods and very low flow years going forward. The Harahan had a wooden roadbed and was heavily damaged by fire on September 18, 1928. Native American groups say bison restoration is an important means of reconnecting with the land and local history and recognizing the interlinked atrocities committed against bison and Indigenous people. Visitors can take in magnificent views of the light show from across downtown's riverfront. The plan would see a new bridge built further down the river, where car traffic will be rerouted, and the existing bridge converted for use by humans and American bison colloquially known as buffalo. flow. At this time, it is unclear how long the bridge will remain closed to traffic. Let us know via science@newsweek.com. The Mississippi flows southwards from its source at Lake Itasca in Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico, at an annual average discharge rate of 593,003 cubic feet of water per second. While it was being repaired, automobiles were transported across the bridge on flat cars on the Frisco. Crossing are often 5 miles wide. WebSee details for 1920 S 1st Street #708, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, Condo, 1 bed, 1 bath, 650 sq ft, $134,900, MLS 6333466. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. At night, the bridge, along with the Hernando de Soto Bridge, becomes a beacon of LED lighting turning into Mighty Lights, a nightly light show that illuminates the Mississippi River. If you want to head deeper into the city, there are bike lanes on North Parkway (on the north side of Downtown) and protected bike lanes on E. H. Crump on the south side, and the lesser traffic on Jefferson make it another choice street to ride all will take you into Midtown. Webdrawing of how the western mississippi state border follows the mississippi river - shows river movement over time. It is one of several rivers with that name.Although once a tributary of the Mississippi River, the Red River is now a tributary of the Atchafalaya River, a The next closest crossings over the Mississippi River are located approximately 85 miles away on I-155 between Missouri and Dyer County, Tennessee, north of Memphis, and on U.S. 49 between Helena, Arkansas, and Mississippi, south of Memphis. climb or descend. The other ends on the east bank close to the St. Gabriel Community Center. Open daily from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m., the crossing welcomes thousands of people, some for fitness, others for photography, and many for a sense of adventure. Our in-depth investigations and news stories, news briefs and commentary help residents make sense of how state policies help or hurt them and their neighbors statewide. Truck drivers have endured delays on the I-55 bridge, or they have been forced to use two other non-interstate bridges that cross the river north and south of Memphis. bridges are busy, so you have to be very careful to avoid being in The river has been both a highway for water On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. WebSee details for 1920 S 1st Street #708, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, Condo, 1 bed, 1 bath, 650 sq ft, $134,900, MLS 6333466. We all need a crazy idea to latch on to., How creating wildlife crossings can help reindeer, bears and even crabs, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. The enormous Mississippi River, the 13th largest river in the world in terms of flow, occupies a central place in U.S. geography, economy and culture. WebBridges. Learn more about Construction (lettings, bidding, contracts)? On May 11, 2021, a mechanical fracture was discovered during a routine inspection of the I-40 Mississippi River Bridge, also known as the Hernando DeSoto Bridge. The WebBridge Inspections RIVER TERMINAL RD over BR OF ST CATHERINE CREEK. The river passes through 10 statesMinnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. "The GOM "dead zone" is a phenomenon that occurs on part of the Louisiana continental shelf that generally begins west of the outlet of the Atchafalaya River and can expand west into Texas by late summer and early fall," Kemp said. The Little Falls to Monticello Transportation officials in both states are studying plans that include possibly replacing the 55-year-old span. What matters for an border is that it draws a clear line. During summer droughts, water levels can drop too low to support barge traffic.". The main reason why rivers make for terrible borders and boundary markers. All construction work was done while maintaining traffic. Hundreds of spectators watched, and cannons were fired as the first train crossed the bridge and then turned around and crossed the span again. There are five bridges that span the Mississippi River from Tennessee. Construction of the four-lane cantilever Caruthersville Bridge began in 1969 and was finally completed in December 1976. The Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) and the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ARDOT) share responsibility for the Hernando DeSoto Bridge. Bridges and Structures web pages. The word "crazy" has been King, Johnny Cash, Albert King and others. In the winter this has the result of increasing the potential for flooding, because all that rain enters the river rapidly, instead of being stored as snow and getting gradually released into the river as snowmelt in the spring/summer," Bricker said. "In terms of "discovery", indigenous people have lived along the Mississippi River for over 10,000 years," Samuel E. Muoz, an assistant professor in the Department of Marine & Environmental Sciences at Northeastern University, told Newsweek. The Mississippi is around 2,350 miles long from source to end. As the river meanders across Minnesota, it passes very narrow and deep. The next step is an environmental evaluation that Moree said will take approximately two years and end with a final location being chosen. All Rights Reserved 2023 Memphis Tourism On the Memphis side, park in the lot at Martyrs Park on Channel 3 Drive, or along the street. Construction of the tied-in double-arch structure began in May 1967. WebThe project consists of reconstructing 5.5 miles of I-74, including new river bridges over the Mississippi River to replace the old suspension bridges. When it opened in 1892, the Frisco was the third-longest bridge in the world and was the first to span the Mississippi south of St. Louis. The official destination marketing organization for Memphis, Tennessee & Shelby County. capture every bridge that comes in contact with the Mississippi River. WebLeake County, Mississippi: Structure Number: SA4000000000076: Maintenance Responsibility: County Highway Agency: Ownership: County Highway Agency: Facility Carried By Structure: EVANS ROAD: Features Intersected (Location): YOCKANOOKANY RIVER REL (SEC 7 T12N R 7E) Year Built: 2002: Year Reconstructed: N/A: Average Within minutes you realize that you no longer on terra firma, but are walking on a sky bridge over the Mississippi River. In Surveying law, the principle of avulsion means that when a boundary follows the center of a river, and that river suddenly changes and moves the channel because of a flood, the boundary stays where it was, and all of a sudden you might own land on the opposite bank. to the Twin Cities metro area. Stainless steel appliances, closet organizers, Follow Louisiana Illuminator on Facebook and Twitter. The fracture impacts 100% of the outboard plate, 100% of the top plate, and approximately 20% of the bottom plate. At nearly a mile in length,Big River Crossingis the longest public pedestrian bridge across the Mississippi River and connectsdowntown Memphis to Arkansas. WebThe number at the top of the sign is the highway number. The Mississippi occupies a key place in U.S. culture thanks to it being the setting for Mark Twain's most famous novels, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. This is a list of all current and notable former bridges or other crossings of the Upper Mississippi River which begins at the Mississippi River's source and extends to its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois. As you near the Arkansas side, theres even a roof that offers shade. County, State: Adams County, Mississippi: Structure Number: SA0100000000060: Maintenance Responsibility: County Highway Agency: Ownership: No modifications were made to the area where the fracture was found on May 11, 2021. While in many ways unique, the proposal follows a growing trend of urban renewal projects perhaps most famously the High Line in New York City, a raised railroad converted into an elevated park. Under general supervision, the Amigo Man Mascot will perform as a mascot , possess excellent non-verbal communication skills and be physically fit. region is an area where the river is hardly more than a trickle, and the Illinois Rivers that merge in at Saint Louis. WebThe Eads Bridge is a combined road and railway bridge over the Mississippi River connecting the cities of St. Louis, Missouri and East St. Louis, Illinois. superstructures, or are of the ultra-modern cable-stay variety. at Lake Itasca to the Head Of Passes where the river empties into the Gulf The most popular option, based on public comment, leaves Highway 1 just south of Plaquemine and connects to LA 30 just south of the Iberville-East Baton Rouge parish line. Commissioners for the Capital Area Road and Bridge District got their first look at the remaining options Friday morning at the State Capitol. The bridge began falling into disrepair after 1967 when the free-to-use Poplar Street Bridge opened. U.S. 82 & 278 formerly used the Humphreys Bridge (old Greenville Bridge); they have both moved to the new Greenville Bridge when completed (2011). Wildlife. There are large, multi-lane highway bridges that cross the Mississippi River, including the Minnesota Highway 371 Bridge and the Interstate 90 Mississippi River Bridge, which connects Wisconsin and Minnesota. "When the phytoplankton die, they sink and decompose, which consumes oxygen. It was first used by the Missouri Pacific, the Cotton Belt, and the Rock Island Railroads. The Memphis and Arkansas, which was built just south of the Frisco, stretches 3,694 feet and cost $14,500,000 to complete. bridges are located in areas where it is hard to get a good line of Memphis political leader E. H. Crump, chair of the Memphis and Arkansas Bridge Commission, originally suggested facetiously that it be named the Eleven Year Bridge in reference to the lengthy construction time, while several members of the commission suggested naming the bridge after Crump. The process provided local insight, such as the location of family cemeteries, that would be taken into account for the final path for the bridge is selected, she said. This is expected to worsen as the effects of climate change continue to worsen the drought and increase temperatures. List of crossings of the Lower Mississippi River. of Mexico. WebLawrence County, Mississippi: Structure Number: SA3900000000047: Maintenance Responsibility: County Highway Agency: Ownership: County Highway Agency: Facility Carried By Structure: RIVER ROAD: Features Intersected (Location): WHITE SAND CREEK (SEC 28 T 6N R20W B) Year Built: 1913: Year Reconstructed: 1951: Average Daily Traffic amazing how many different solutions have been designed and built over the Enjoy amazing panoramic views with beautiful sunrises over the Mississippi river, U of M and 5 bridges from the walls of windows of this fantastic newly updated one-bed, one-bath condo. The Caruthersville Bridge crosses the river between Caruthersville and Dyersburg and carries travelers on Interstate 155 and U.S. Route 412. the river into a giant stairway of water steps for boats and barges to With only 20 lots available starting at $475k, reserve today to begin planning your dream home. In Chicago, a raised railroad track was also converted into a park and bike trail. What is now the Quad Cities was, in the early 1800s, a principal trading center for Indigenous peoples. Eads Bridge, the first combined road and railway bridge over the Mississippi River connected the cities of St. Louis, Missouri, and East St. Louis, Illinois. Comments were also accepted online and by phone through May 14. WebWinston County, Mississippi: Structure Number: 31000250800550A: Maintenance Responsibility: State Highway Agency: Ownership: State Highway Agency: Facility Carried By Structure: SR 25: Features Intersected (Location): NOXUBEE RIVER (0.2 MI S OKTIBBEHA CL) Year Built: 2004: Year Reconstructed: N/A: Average Daily Traffic (Year): area is where the Mississippi River practices for the big time with larger In the mid-1800s it was estimated that 30 million to 60 million buffalo roamed the Great Plains before the US government began to systematically target them as a means to starve Indigenous Americans and drive them off their land. "It forms when the Mississippi River is at high discharge and is putting a lot of sediment and plant nutrients, mostly from fertilizers applied to farmlands in the mid-west corn belt.

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